Recently a new active ingredient, ferric sodium EDTA, has become available for both home use and professional pest management. University. Iron chelate is commonly used for agricultural purposes to treat chlorosis, a condition in which leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll. Sluggo Plus with Spinosad is used to control slugs, snails, earwigs, sow bugs (roly poly), pill bugs, and cut worms too! Toxicological profile, current use, and regulatory issues on EDTA No loss of iron occurred below pH 6. EDTA has a high affinity for ferric ions. These newer products are much less toxic to dogs. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ferric sodium salt. 4. Keywords: At 6.0, the ratios for all three chelated Fe fertilizers are 1.0 (stable), but at pH 7.5, only the ratio of EDDTA chelated Fe is 1.0. Cytotoxic agents can be further subdivided into DNA-binding and nonDNA-binding agents. This table complements our Solubility Rules & Chart and Miscibility Table. [1], Solutions of Fe(III)-EDTA are produced by combining ferrous salts and aqueous solutions of EDTA known as Jacobson's solution (cf. 2014 Mar;9(3):543-52. doi: 10.2215/CJN.05170513. Its solution should be green. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted With chelation (aqua surrounded by blue), micronutrients first move into the mesophyll and then release micronutrients. 5>.{AQo+8P]ah9ciyFyGj@`_kx)w\Zh]:KF20(zx'Xw@"1 }Z David V, Christou N, Etienne P, et al. They are often referred to as "pet safe", even though they can be toxic. We're open from 8:00AM to 12:00PM Pacific Time, Mon-Fri. You are here: NPIC Home Page Frequently Asked Questions Could snail bait hurt my dog? University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy. European Food Safety Authority | Trusted science for safe food This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Spinosad has been certified for use in organic agriculture since 2003 by the USDA National Organic Program (NOP) and is OMRI listed. Both oxygen and hydroxide ions are abundant in soil and soilless growth media. Iron(III) phosphate - Wikipedia Depending on the brand, these products contain 2 to 6% active ingredient (Table 1). Treatment is outlined in Table 2 below. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies While these products are slow to kill, slugs stop feeding almost right away after eating the bait. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Two orthorhombic structures and a monoclinic phase are also known. Extravasation of noncytotoxic drugs. Animal waste and municipal waste also contain Cu, Mn, and Zn micronutrients (Table 5). [Effectiveness and tolerability of oral liquid ferrous gluconate in iron-deficiency anemia in pregnancy and in the immediate post-partum period: comparison with other liquid or solid formulations containing bivalent or trivalent iron]. The international nutrition community is interested in obtaining approval for the use of sodium iron(III) EDTA (NaFeEDTA) for dietary iron Serum ferritin, serum iron, TIBC and transferrin saturation were assessed at recruitment and end study. haemochromatosis. 15708-41-5 : Codex GSFA Online. Examples of chelated fertilization rates for selected commercial vegetable and fruit crops. Drugs. A total of 48 patients were available for analysis which included 37 patients who had completed all the visits up to 75 days follow-up and 11 patients who were treatment failures. A new sodium iron phosphate as a stable high-rate cathode - Springer ranked in the same order of effectiveness by Drs. Apply cold compress for 15 to 20 minutes at least 4 times/day for the first 24 hours, Apply cold compress for 15 to 20 minutes at least 4 times/day for the first 24 to 48 hours, Apply cold compress (but remove at least 15 minutes prior to dexrazoxane), Apply dry warm compress for 60 minutes every 8 hours for 3 days, Apply cold compress for 6 to 72 hours following sodium thiosulfate injection or for 20 minutes 4 times/day for 24 to 48 hours, Apply cold compress for 15 to 20 minutes at least 4 times/day for 24 to 48 hours, Apply warm compress (ice increases risk of cold-induced peripheral neuropathy) for 15 to 20 minutes at least 4 times/day for the first 24 hours, None or dexamethasone 8 mg twice daily for 14 days, Elevate extremity and apply dry warm compress for 15 to 60 minutes at least 3 times/day for the first 24 to 72 hours, Consider use of cold compress (valproate). About 10 years ago, iron phosphate came on the market and is now also widely used, particularly in areas where people and pets may encounter the molluscicide. PDF National Organic Standards Board Petitioned Material Proposal Ferric Comparison of efficacy, tolerability, and cost of iron polymaltose complex with ferrous sulphate in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women. Alloway, B. J. Chelated Mn can improve Mn bioavailability. If the soil cannot meet the CNR, chelated sources need to be used. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "ab5d928dfe69031a5cbc7816551c3055" );document.getElementById("c08a1a06c7").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Disclaimer: Hi, Jared Cox here. form between the iron ion and the carbon atoms, the stronger the iron Careers. This publication provides an overview of chelated fertilizers and considerations for their use to county Extension faculty, certified crop advisers (CCAs), crop consultants, growers, and students who are interested in commercial crop production. EDDHA is the strongest chelate of any of the . Ferric EDTA is the coordination complex formed from ferric ions and EDTA. Saha L, Pandhi P, Gopalan S, Malhotra S, Saha PK. Sodium feredetate | C10H12FeN2NaO8 - PubChem Sodium feredetate | C10H12FeN2NaO8 | CID 27461 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. Epub 2014 Jan 9. Ginecol Obstet Mex. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Sodium ferric EDTA | C10H12FeN2NaO8 - PubChem Conclusions: Iron phosphate is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA). Spinosad is found present in fermentation juices of the soil bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ferric sodium salt - Sigma-Aldrich UIC's seven health sciences colleges and health care delivery enterprise. Osmolality is also a consideration, as differences in osmotic pressure can damage endothelial cells, leading to potential for drug leakage from vessels. "Chelated Micronutrients." Pharmacological management of anticancer agent extravasation: A single institutional guideline. Neudorff's patented formula is also known as Ferramol and 76 Sluggo. PMC Micronutrients such as Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu are easily oxidized or precipitated in soil, and their utilization is, therefore, not efficient. Iron phosphate is much less toxic to dogs, but also takes longer, as much as seven days, to kill slugs. chemical equation (1) under Table (1)). Credit: (A) Havlin et al. Soil pH and chelated fertilizer requirements in commercial crop production. Made with powerful iron phosphate, sodium ferric EDTA, and spinosad, these formulas are able to deter slugs, and even snails, within 1,000 to 17,000 feet and within a number of days. iron and is not effective at pHs above 6.0. the strongest chelate of any of the commonly used materials and When using slug baits follow all of the manufacturers instructions and warnings on the label. Apply compresses for 20 to 60 minutes 3 or 4 times daily for the first 24 to 72 hours after extravasation occurs. Iron phosphate is quite safe for the environment, but EDTA has some issues. Plant nutrients are one of the environmental factors essential for crop growth and development. All other active ingredients have been added to the formulation to improve iron absorption and promote erythropoiesis due . Metaldehyde works very quickly to kill slugs, but is also very toxic to dogs and other creatures that might feed on it. We comply with the Federal Trade Commission 1998 Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). PDF To: the National Organic Program (NOP) Date: October 16, 2012 The two most commonly used active chemicals in non-organic slug bait are Ferric sodium EDTA (chelated iron phosphate) and Metaldehyde. Inorganic water-soluble micronutrient application to the soil is often ineffective for correcting micronutrient disorders. Ferric EDTA is the coordination complex formed from ferric ions and EDTA. whether used with ferric phosphate or as sodium ferric hydroxyl EDTA. [2], Near neutral pH, the principal complex is [Fe(EDTA)(H2O)], although most sources ignore the aquo ligand. These iron-related products allow people and pets to enter treated areas right away. Clinical Assistant Professor, Drug Information Specialist, Jennifer Anderson, PharmD Primary outcomes were change in TSAT and ferritin from baseline to 12 weeks. Safe around pets and wildlife. Chelated fertilizers are less reactive to soil conditions and can significantly enhance nutrient uptake and utilization efficiencies. The chelated fertilizer improves the bioavailability of micronutrients such as Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn, and in turn contributes to the productivity and profitability of commercial crop production. 547. The X-axis represents soil pH. Foliar application of chelated fertilizers is often more effective than soil application. The images in Figure 3 show the difference in three treatments with lychee: chelated Fe(II) is greener than FeSO4 plus sulfuric acid, and FeSO4 plus sulfuric acid is greener than no iron fertilization (Schaffer et al. 2011. Additionally, administration factors, including the experience of personnel administering the injection, the injection technique, and the number of venipuncture attempts to establish a line, contribute to the risk of extravasation, as does the fragility of the patients veins. Their effectiveness differs significantly. Sodium feredetate | C10H12FeN2NaO8 - PubChem Heimbach et al. Iron and ligand are absorbed separately by the plant roots whereby the highly stable ferric chelate is first reduced to the less stable ferrous chelate. solution up to pH 6.0, but by pH 6.5, almost one-half the iron is While Ferric sodium EDTA is recognized as safe, concerns about the high availability of iron have been raised and negative effects on earthworms. Chelated fertilizers have a greater potential to increase commercial yield than regular micronutrients if the crop is grown in low-micronutrient stress or soils with a pH greater than 6.5. (2005), Lindsay (1974), https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ss423, https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ep081, https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ss555, UF/IFAS Electronic Data Information System, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. In turn, the chelated micronutrient near the root hair releases the nutrient to the root hair. become unavailable to plants.Using iron chelates can keep plants green How it works: Chelated iron phosphate slug bait takes about three days to kill slugs and snails. EDTA has a high affinity for ferric ions. chelate comes from a Greek word meaning claw) made of carbon and [8] As such the P and Fe have tetrahedral molecular geometry. Comparison of Rates and Active Ingredients for Some Snail and Slug Products. Other studies of spinosads effectiveness include thrips, leafminers, spider mites, mosquitoes, ants, and fruit flies. Guodong Liu, associate professor, Horticultural Sciences Department; Edward Hanlon, professor emeritus; and Yuncong Li, professor, Department of Soil and Water Sciences; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611. Ferric EDTA can be used as a component for the Hoagland solution or the Long Ashton Nutrient Solution. For commercial vegetable production, 0.20.5 lb. that sodium Ferric EDTA possesses very low toxicity. Some drugs, including anti-cancer agents, are directly cytotoxic to cells. The Best Slug Killers of 2023 - Recommendations from Bob Vila Chelates This tried-and-true method attracts slugs away from plants instead of attracting slugs to them. Impact of Ferric Citrate vs Ferrous Sulfate on Iron Parameters and Hemoglobin in Individuals With Moderate to Severe Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) With Iron Deficiency, NCT02888171. 4. This article summarizes the latest recommendations for treatment of extravasation, and updates a similar article prepared by our group in 2015. It can be used to make sure there are no free divalent cations in the . J Nephrol. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An Introduction to Nutrient Management (7th ed.). The EPA and independent tests have shown iron phosphate slug baits as basically harmless to mammals, birds, fish, and worms when used as directed. In The Plant Root and Its Environment, edited by E. E. Carson, 507-524. The site is secure. Several factors reduce the bioavailability of Fe, including high soil pH, high bicarbonate content, plant species (grass species are usually more efficient than other species because they can excrete effective ligands), and abiotic stresses. [10], In iron chelation therapy, deferoxamine, has been used to treat excess iron stores, i.e. Damage from extravasation can progress to a significant degree, causing permanent disability and disfigurement, and necessitating surgical debridement or skin grafting.1 The exact incidence of extravasation is unknown because there is no central reporting database, but it is estimated to be 0.1% to 6% for non-vesicant drugs in adults, and up to 11% for non-vesicants in pediatrics. PDF Template for Crops or Livestock Reports Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. EDTA (and other chelating agents) address this problem, by forming soluble complexes that resist formation of hydroxides. Warm compresses are preferred for extravasation of specific drugs including vinca alkaloids, etoposide, vasopressors, and oxaliplatin to increase local blood flow and enhance drug removal. Commercial crops can be categorized into three susceptibility groups: high, medium, and low. EDDHA chelated Fe is most stable at soil pH greater than 7 (Figure 4, A and B). Ferroxx is marketedFig. The relative efficacy of ferric citrate versus ferrous sulfate in treating iron deficiency in patients with CKD is unclear. 1998 Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). tell you how likely the product is to cause harm, Always store baits and other pesticides in an area. Lindsay, W. L. 1974. Assess the site of extravasation and the symptoms of the patient. Iron from ferric sodium EDTA is 2 to 3 times more bioavailable than from other mineral sources. PMC The incidence of adverse events did not differ between treatment arms. For vesicant drugs and chemotherapeutic agents, the incidence has been reported to range from 0.01% to 6%.2. Snails and slugs that consume ferric sodium EDTA stop feeding almost immediately after ingestion, and die in about 23 days. Formulated iron phosphate and ferric sodium EDTA molluscicides look very similar, so it is important to check the label to be certain the product is applied at the appropriate rates. Sand and Water Culture Methods Used in the Study of Plant Nutrition. Plants Drug Saf. National Library of Medicine (PDF) A new sodium iron phosphate as a stable high-rate cathode For foliar application, either inorganic or chelated Fe is effective, but for fertigation, chelated Fe should be used. As compared with ferrous sulfate, treatment with ferric citrate for 12 weeks resulted in a greater mean increase in TSAT and ferritin concentrations in individuals with moderate to severe CKD and iron deficiency. Chelated Cu is significantly more effective than inorganic Cu. Are there any unbiased studies that back up the findings of Edwards et al. The information presented is current as of January 13, 2021. Garden Safe slug bait pellets use iron phosphate to bait and kill slugs and snails in the garden. 2022 Oct;45(10):1019-1036. doi: 10.1007/s40264-022-01216-w. Epub 2022 Sep 6. 2007. Primary outcomes were change in TSAT and ferritin . Patients were evaluated for Hb, RBC count, MCV, MCH and MCHC at day 0, 30, 45, 60 and 75. Background and objectives: Management of chemotherapy extravasation: ESMO-EONS clinical practice guidelines. are four commonly used chelates: citric acid, EDTA Hence, chelate refers to the pincer-like way in which a metal nutrient ion is encircled by the larger organic molecule (the claw), usually called a ligand or chelator. OMRI listed for organic use. Iron phosphate is one of the few molluscicides approved for use in the practice of organic farming. "The Effect of pH on the Kinetics of Spontaneous Fe (II) Oxidation by O2 in Aqueous Solution Basic Principles and a Simple Heuristic Description." Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in CKD and End-Stage Kidney Disease. The more bonds, called ligands, that Sodium iron EDTA. Selecting which iron chelate to use - MSU Extension Roncal-Herrero, T., Rodriguez-Blanco, J.D., Benning, L.G., Oelkers, E.H. (2009) Precipitation of Iron and Aluminium Phosphates Directly from Aqueous Solution as a Function of Temperature from 50 to 200C. Chelated iron can prevent this conversion from Fe2+ to Fe3+. and growing until you can drop the pH to proper levels. [Review by expert group in the diagnosis and treatment of anemia in pregnant women. Gorski LA, Stranz M, Cook LS, et al. Because soil is heterogeneous and complex, traditional micronutrients are readily oxidized or precipitated. Epub 2014 Nov 4. Bookshelf Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science + Business Media, B. V. Berlin. His work across several disciplines extensively covers cannabis genetics, cultivation, processing, and sales. Spinosad is organic and added to Sluggo Plus to control a variety of garden pests. Abbreviations: DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide; IV=intravenous; MOA=mechanism of action; SC=subcutaneous(ly). Effect of ferric citrate on serum phosphate and fibroblast growth factor 23 among patients with nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: path analyses. The nonprotein amino acid, mugineic acid, is one such natural chelate called phytosiderophore (phyto: plant; siderophore: iron carrier) produced by graminaceous (grassy) plants grown in low-iron stress conditions. The Y-axis represents the ratio of chelated Fe to total chelate and ranges from 0 to 1.0. Ferric citrate hydrate for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in nondialysis-dependent CKD. Alerts. Lexicomp [database online]. It can also be used for bonding fabrics, wood, and other materials to iron or steel surfaces. Today, many gardeners are choosing highly effective products that are based on a chelated iron compound known as sodium ferric EDTA. Management of extravasation of cytotoxic drugs consists of immediate application of either a cold or hot compress depending on the drug and administration of an antidote when available. [12] Ferric phosphate slug and snail baits marketed in the U.S. contain EDTA.[13]. These are some general precautions to take when using any slug and snail bait: If you suspect your pet has eaten any pesticide, you may call the National Animal Poison Control Center for medical treatment assistance at 1-888-426-4435 (a consultation fee may apply, which can be charged to a credit card). Agro Services International Inc. http://www.agroservicesinternational.com/Articles/Chelates.pdf. Lately, a new active ingredient, ferric sodium EDTA, is available, as well. Novel Oral Iron Therapies for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. National Library of Medicine "Chelates for Micronutrient Nutrition among Crops." Schematic diagram of chelated fertilizers facilitating nutrient uptake for foliar application. Table 2. Briefer versions of this information, called Quick Tips, are also available on the UC IPM Web site both in English and Spanish. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Applying chelated fertilizers is an easy and practical correction method to avoid this nutrient disorder. Biopesticides Fact Sheet for Iron phosphate (Ferric phosphate) Author: US EPA. Crop susceptibility to the above micronutrient deficiencies depends on the plant species and cultivar. Resonance 8(7): 4653. How to Get Rid of Garden Slugs and Snails - Pennington OMRI listed. Garden Safe Slug & Snail Bait: Kills Slugs & Snails. Best Organic Slug Bait with Iron Phosphate and Spinosad, Sluggo Plus: Kills Earwigs, Cutworms, Sowbugs, Pillbugs, Slugs and Snails, Active ingredients: Iron Phosphate 0.97%, Spinosad 0.07%. The best approach to extravasation injury is prevention.3-6 Preventive measures include appropriate dilution of medication, infusion of medication via the appropriate rate of administration, ensuring patency of the vascular access device, careful monitoring of infusions during administration, use of clear tape or dressings to allow for visual inspection of the infusion site, and immobilization of the extremity with the IV cannula. Keep away from mammals that may feed on it, and water flow areas. These chelates are Given the dynamic nature of the status of a chelated molecule of EDTA, the Technical Review's conclusion seems reasonable. Patients were divided into 3 groups and drugs administered accordingly. [8], Table (1) to prepare the ferric EDTA stock solution. 2009). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Ferrous iron can be readily oxidized to the plant-unavailable ferric form (Fe3+) when soil pH is greater than 5.3 (Morgan and Lahav 2007). (H2O)2. Most websites still claim that iron phosphate is perfectly safe since it is natural and organic, but they ignore the EDTA component which is common in many slug baits these days. Each of the ligands (Table 1) can form a chelated fertilizer with one or more micronutrients. The safest way to apply slug bait is to scatter it around the perimeter of your garden area. May 10, 2007. In: Nelson LS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Smith SW, Goldfrank LR, Hoffman RS, eds. Otherwise these metal ions catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, which is used to bleach pulp in papermaking. Norvell, W. A. Zinc is another micronutrient whose bioavailability is closely associated with soil pH. EDTA chelates (binds) divalent cations such as Mg 2+, Zn 2+, and Cu 2+. New Snail and Slug Active Ingredient Available, http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/greenbulletin/index.html, Record Amounts of Rainfall Create Perfect Conditions for Mosquitoes. Clean up spills completely, indoors or out, right away. Slug Bait Plus: Iron Phosphate and Spinosad. Solubility Table of Compounds in Water at Temperature - Sigma-Aldrich Leaves with Foliar Applications of Iron Sulfate and Weak Acids." Editors note: This article is from the archives of the MSU Crop Advisory Team [2] In addition to Jacobson's original recipe and a modified protocol by Steiner and van Winden (1970),[4] an updated version for producing the ferric EDTA complex is presented in Table (1). The site is secure. Ferrous sulfate, which is not a chelated fertilizer, is often used as the iron source. Extravasation is defined as the leakage or inadvertent administration of a vesicant drug or solution from a vein into the extravascular space.1 Infiltration, often used in reference to extravasation, refers to leakage of a non-vesicant drug or solution.2,3 Initial symptoms of extravasation are similar to infiltration and include persistent pain, burning, stinging, swelling, and either blanching or erythema at the site of injection or along the course of the vein. Results: Slug Bait - Metaldehyde vs Iron Phosphate - Garden Myths (2009) as . 2005; Sekhon 2003). Am J Kidney Dis. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal For the last 30 years, the primary mollusk (snail and slug) Fig. You can find this active ingredient in new formulations of Corry's Slug & Snail Killer as well as Dr. T's Slug & Snail Killer, Slugexx, Iron Fist Slug & Snail Bait, Amdro Snail Block Slug & Snail Killer, and Ferroxx. For example, the oxidized form of iron is ferric (Fe3+), which is not bioavailable to plants and usually forms brown ferric hydroxide precipitation (Fe(OH)3). Morgan, B., and O. Lahav. Applicators and maintenance workers should also be reminded to remove plant debris and other snail and slug hiding places and to avoid overwatering, which increases mollusk activity. Slug bait is usually sold as granular pellets with 16% active ingredient (slug killer) and an inactive cereal bran base or wheat gluten. Comparison of foliar applications of chelated Fe, regular iron fertilizers, and no iron fertilization for correcting iron deficiency of lychee. government site. European Food Safety Authority | Trusted science for safe food requirements, nor does it necessarily reflect the position of the Elevate the affected limb to minimize swelling and encourage resorption of the drug via the lymphatic system. [6] [7] Structure Prevention of extravasation through proper administration of IV medications is important to limit the risk of extravasation. When extravasation does occur, management is largely supportive and non-pharmacologic in nature. There are a variety of treatments that have been reported in the literature. Sodium edta | Sigma-Aldrich whether used with ferric phosphate or as sodium ferric hydroxyl EDTA. Micronutrient Deficiencies in Global Crop Production. (H 2 O) 2. Infusion Therapy Standards of Practice, 8th edition. Soil pH is a major factor influencing micronutrient bioavailability; therefore, if soil pH is greater than 6.5, then the soil may have limited micronutrient bioavailability, and chelated fertilizers may be needed. Still, be aware that these new products, as well as the others, ought to be used in a way so that pets and children won't be tempted to eat the pellets. See this image and copyright information in PMC. included. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies In the soil, plant roots can release exudates that contain natural chelates. Color key: aqua = a micronutrient ion; blue = organic ligand; dark green = wax layer on leaves; light green = mesophyll. continue to be in solution and therefore available to plants. Evidence supporting the use of specific antidotes is limited and largely limited to case reports. objective, science-based information about pesticides and Also note that recommended application rates for ferric sodium EDTA may be considerably lower than iron phosphate (Table 2). Development of an evidence-based list of noncytotoxic vesicant medications and solutions. To grow a good crop, crop nutrient requirements (CNRs), including micronutrients, must be satisfied first from the soil. A randomised double-blind study comparing sodium feredetate with Table 1. Synonym (s): Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid iron (III) sodium salt, EDTA iron (III) sodium salt, Edathamil, Komplexon II. and transmitted securely. Quentin Tyler, Director, MSU Extension, East Lansing, MI 48824. of water per acre can effectively correct Mn deficiency (Table 5). 2,3 Initial symptoms of extravasation are similar to infiltration and include persistent pain, burning, stinging, swelling, and . In the two polymorphs of the dihydrate, the Fe centre is octahedral with two mutually cis water ligands.[9]. This article was originally published in the May 2013 issue of the UC IPM Green Bulletin. The active ingredient in this formulation is 1% iron (ferric) phosphate, and the 74 inert ingredients are reported to be EDTA, flour and sugar (April 2010 NOSB Meeting transcripts, Cam 75 Wilson, CTO for Neudorff North America). Ferric edta | Sigma-Aldrich