Hide items that would be out of place in a room from each era - for example, a flushing toilet in the Victorian slums, or a water pump in a modern kitchen - will kids spot what shouldn't be there? A slum dwelling in Borgergade in central Copenhagen Denmark, about 1940. During the 64 years that Queen Victoria was on the throne, Britain was also going through the Industrial Revolution. Conditions. M2VkODFhYTg1N2MwYjAzNzcxNTA1ZDE3MmEyYjEzNGE0ZjczMWU2MmQwNDlm They may not be called slum, however; see shanty town. MGJhOWVjZTFhNGYzMTNkNzRkMjc1NDdjNjY4M2ZlYWZlZGNkYjFjZDFmOWQ5 Find pictures of a Victorian home and a modern home - can children identify all the differences? Assistance was only awarded to people who could earn a living, however meagre that living might be. They are available in an electronic form on the Internet. Machines for factories were invented that could make . Intro. Victorian Britain PowerPoint - Victorian Facts for Kids - Twinkl A notorious dockside street in the Pillgwenlly district of Newport, south Wales, the Row had been the subject of an increasing number of newspaper articles in the years before Rosinas case made the news. [Victorian Working Children](http://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/victorian-working-children-lesson-for-ks2-12059555) A full lesson for KS2 exploring the topic of jobs for Victorian children, including a detailed lesson plan, Powerpoint and pupil resource sheets. ZjNmOTIxYmQ5ODEyZWViMDlmOGM1NTk4MThlY2Y5ZDIzY2E5Y2FmMjkzMDNl Scotland, Nigel. Victorian houses tended to have fairly large rooms that featured intricate detailing in the reception rooms and bedrooms, such as dado rails on the walls and mouldings and cornices on the ceilings. A lot of the London we see today was built in Victorian times. The Million-Peopled City; or, One Half of the People of London Made Known to the Other Half. Key words associated with this time period, such as 'workhouse', 'slums', 'factories', 'Industrial Revolution', 'privy', 'night soil' and much more are included in this handy Victorian glossary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. End of an era: The death of Queen Victoria, Tube Life: Archival images from London's Underground. YTYwYzNkMDBkZjc0MDVhNjBjMTQ0MmE5Njk0OTMyZjgyODg4YjU4ZDZkMWRj Report this resourceto let us know if it violates our terms and conditions. In this genuine account you will find out about the hard lives and terrible living conditions of some of the people he meets. JOIN to support the channel as a Member: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmgmQeg5EoFeGmxIY-0NAlw/join Support the channel (donations): https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/FactFeastDo you like history? A view of a Glasgow slum. Y2JiYTg4MDkyZTA4ZWIzZTBmZjBkNDM5NWY2YWI4MDRlODI4MmYwOWQwMDdm 4 vols. Can you find any evidence from the sources if the government cared about the poor? In the second half of the nineteenth century Spitalfields became home for Dutch and German Jews, and later for masses of poor Polish and Russian Jewish immigrants. Consequently, they became the godfathers of their territory, providing safe houses for criminals, operating brothels and running illegal gambling rackets. Kidadl is independent and to make our service free to you the reader we are supported by advertising. The Danish government passed The Slum Clearance Act in 1939, demolished many slums including Borgergade, replacing it with modern buildings by the early 1950s. Victorians - KS2 History - BBC Bitesize MzA2ODNmZGQxMGE1OTgwNjY5ZmU4ZWI2OGVjZDQ3NjU0ZThkY2MxNWMxNjFk The residents of the Row were living in conditions regarded as among the worst in the area, where the struggle to even get the most basic of amenities took years and where they were seen by the rest of Newport as, essentially, a foreign presence. Edinburgh: University Press, 1965. Working-class inhabitants could listen to lectures, Bible readings and concerts. The most notorious slum areas were situated in East London, which was often called "darkest London," a terra incognita for respectable citizens. ZWE5ZmEwNWU2ZjVmYjIwNmU2NDM4Y2ZiMzBhYjdiYzg3MmY1NWZkZTgxNDk1 Have a class discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of working with each type of source, 10. Empty reply does not make any sense for the end user. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, regulations were introduced to ensure cleanliness and access to basic sanitation, including the introduction of proper drainage systems and waste disposal facilities, like an ash pit or dustbin. In the last two decades of the Victorian era a rising number of missionaries, social relief workers and investigators, politicians, journalists and fiction writers as well as middle-class do-gooders and philanthropists made frequent visits to the East End slums to see how the poor lived. Oxford: Peregrine Penguin Edition, 1984. They often lived in extremely cramped conditions and, just like in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, you could find a whole family living in one room. Poor children often had to work to earn money for their family. The Slums of Victorian London, , Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London, Alias Jack the Ripper: Beyond the Usual Whitechapel Suspects. A bundle of 10 lessons covering the Victorians topic for KS2. MWZkMTY0Yzg4NjRmMDkyOTE1OTdlNzY0ZDlmOTNjZDJhZjAyYjMyZWNmNTcz We strive to recommend the very best things that are suggested by our community and are things we would do ourselves - our aim is to be the trusted friend to parents. Can you draw any conclusions about Victorian values and attitudes from the sources? After completing a timeline activity, pupils will gain an overview of facts about the period and then engage with a set of historical sources to make deductions about life in Victorian times. YmFjZGJhYWYzZTNkZjJmNWU2NDAzNThiNDgzZmFjYmE1OGQ5NTgzYzJlNGQ2 Any information you provide to us via this website may be placed by us on servers located in countries outside the EU if you do not agree to such placement, do not provide the information. Most houses in Victorian times were either terraced housing or detached buildings, although some of the less desirable were 'back to back' (an example of which can still be found in Birmingham) where the only windows were at the front, and there were no back gardens. Tes Global Ltd is What we suggest is selected independently by the Kidadl team. Jo is a work-from-home mum to two boys. Toilets were largely just a 'privy' (a small outdoor shed with a hole over either a pit or a bucket), but the more wealthy had an inside water closet. In the 1880s and 1890s a great number of middle- and upper-class women and men were involved in charity and social work, particularly in the East End slums. London. . Makoko One of the oldest slums in Nigeria, was originally a fishing village settlement, built on stilts on a lagoon. London: Vintage: London, 2001. NTNkNjdmZjdkMzBhOTg5YjJhMjdhZTI5YWQxYTk2M2ZlMGE4ZGQ4ZmYzNjVk It depicted destitute female residents existing on weak tea and bread, dying mothers unable to feed their babies and children starving and vermin-swarmed. [Victorian Schools](http://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/victorian-schools-lesson-for-ks2-12059628) A full lesson for KS2 about Victorian schools, including a detailed lesson plan, Powerpoint and pupil resource sheets. In the 1800's the population of London went from 1 million to 6 million people! The squalid and unsanitary conditions that were brought on by immense overcrowding made life very dismal for poor Victorian children and their families. Stedman Jones, G. Outcast London: A Study in the Relationship Between Classes in Victorian Society. This website and its content is subject to our Terms and In the reports detailing of the beaten wifes flushed face, agonised eyes and torn bodice it particularly resembles the latter. However, during the decade that followed her death in 1901, some significant changes occurred. Women with sunken, black-rimmed eyes, whose pallid faces appear and vanish by the light of an occasional gas lamp, and look so like ill-covered skulls that we start at their stare. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. Chesney, Kellow. Do any of the sources give us clues about the difficulties people might have had with travel or transport? As early as in 1884, The New York Times published an article about slumming which spread from London to New York. YjQyMDhkMjljYTcyMDEyZDgyNTQ1NzE3OTdjNTY5YzgzMjhiZThlNTdkYzZi This is the first lesson from our Victorians Planning Pack for KS2. There was no water, and no toilet. London Labour and the London Poor. registered in England (Company No 02017289) with its registered office at Building 3, Isambard Kingdom Brunel consists of three episodes about the Thames Tunnel, The Great Western Railway, and the SS Great Eastern, Three episodes about the life of Mary Seacole at the time of the Crimean War and after, Find out about Dr David Livingstone's expeditions to Africa, including Victoria Falls. MDk1YTAyOTc0YWFmYjI3MzM0NTcxNjQzMmZmYTMzODMzNGM1MTc4NjdmN2M2 2) During the Victorian era, Britain expanded its territory throughout . History KS2: The Victorians. There were lots of new . These included fights over the use of shared washing-lines, arguments over keeping animals in backyards and the theft of coal from the nearby docks. Men were thugs; women were either unfeminine, displaying a lack of mothering instincts towards their children, or innocents who had married and become victims of domestic violence, left cowering in their slums, or desperately seeking to maintain respectability in the face of abject poverty. Charles Booth and Henry Mayhew constantly pressed for improvements to Britains slums, but little was actually achieved during Queen Victorias reign. But there was fear, as well as curiosity, in how the case was reported. 3. She has a degree in Film and English and a personal interest in mental health and well being, as well as food and drink, photography, history, and art, and likes to write about all of these interests on her blog. What do some of the sources show us about the lives of Victorian children on the following topics: education; work; home; play? Two views of Whitechapel by Joseph Pennell: An East End Factory and Whitechapel Shops. Town. All these reports are valuable social documents which provide background information about the deplorable slum conditions in late Victorian London. Finally, for more suggestions on how to carry out a local study use ourvideo guidance in the Victorians website. The men are not allowed to smoke in it, not even when they are in their dotage; the young women never taste tea, and the old ones may not indulge in a cup during the long afternoons, only at half-past six o'clock morning and night, when they receive a small hunch of bread with butter scraped over the surface, and a mug of that beverage which is so dear to their hearts as well as their stomachs. A whole street (sometimes more) would have to share a couple of toilets and a pump. Age range: 11-14. This sort of gratuitous writing was not confined to newspaper reports; a genre known as slum fiction became popular, including well-known titles such as George Gissings The Nether World and Arthur Morrisons A Child of the Jago as well as the popular penny dreadfuls. 15 Victorian facts for kids - National Geographic Kids The unfortunate inmates of these establishments paid by the night and no questions were asked as long as you had enough coins in your pocket (usually around four pence) to gain admittance. Today this fascinating document can be viewed online here. MmI0MzFmOTcxZWEzOTkzZGRmNDU0ZTlkYTlkYzJjMmFlYTljMDJmMTY3NWMx During the Victorian era, the Industrial Revolution was happening - this is when scientific inventions meant that it was easier to make things to sell, and that those things could be sent to places further away than before. Image National Trust Birmingham Back to Backs. I will mostly refer to London as a lot of the GCSE literature books are based in London, but the same knowledge is needed for any novel you read, whichever city . Many rich Victorians were spectacularly wealthy: they could afford to travel on the new railways, hire servants, build huge houses, and enjoy new technology that we now think of . We place some essential cookies on your device to make this website work. ___. Some of them helped prepare the subsequent slum reform and clearance legislations. The sources could be used to help provide a sense of period and show pupils the type of sources they may encounter when looking at material in their local archive, museum or record office . Manchester: Manchester UP, 1979. MWY0NDZhMjFkNGQ4YmQ4YWJjNzBhM2M5NjAyMGQwODAxMDJhOWEwZjk4YWQx Spot the anachronism. Britain, The Anti-society: An Account of the Victorian Underworld, The Victorian City, ed. Your privacy is important to us. Slum Journeys: Ladies and London Poverty 1860-1940, in: Alan Mayne and Tim Murray, eds. Slum in Tai Hang, Hong Kong, in the 1990s. 5. We try our very best, but cannot guarantee perfection. Princeton University Press, 2004. Our popular resources have been tried and tested in hundreds of classrooms. They can often be found mooching around their local castle, museum or gallery. The Growth of Victorian London. Increasingly, a number of families found themselves crammed in, and unsanitary conditions followed. a study of an aspect of history or a site dating from a period beyond 1066 that is significant in the locality Spitalfields, which received its name from St. Mary's Spittel (hospital) for lepers, had been once inhabited by prosperous French Huguenot silk weavers, but in the early 19th century their descendants were reduced to a deplorable condition due to the competition of the Manchester textile factories and the area began to deteriorate into crime-infested slums. Planning and resources for primary teachers. NTM2ZTYwYTY3MThjOWUxMDhlMWQ4OTZhYjVjNjkyYzk3OTBjZDUyMDk1OTJl I will examine what poverty was, slum housing, the jobs, the food and water. Dharavi slum started in 1887 with industrial and segregationist policies of the British colonial era. Desolation Row: Victorian Britains Sensational Slums. It consisted of 20 narrow streets containing 730 dilapidated terraced houses which were inhabited by some 6,000 people. The assault left her seriously injured. doc, 83 KB. ZjJhY2UyZjViZjUxYmQwZTY0ZDM0OGE2M2JjNDA0MmIxODFkNGY5ZjBmYmQ4 The collection includes pictures, drawings, maps, photographs, advertisements, reports, census pages, letters and newspaper extracts. Victorian Slum Houses - Victorian Children Alternatively, teachers may wish to use the collection to develop their own resources or encourage students to curate their own exhibition of the most significant sources on the Victorian period. In this video we take a closer look at the inhabitants of these abodes of the poor and unfortunate with a man of the church, as he journeys through the East End and across the River Thames. Back to all content from School Radio - History. And with no bath, they would wash in metal tubs in the kitchen, and the whole household would share the same water - you'd definitely want to get in first. MWU5YmE0ZjVjNTYyNzE4ZDIwMDU2NjZkNzYxYTgxODE3Zjg3NzE2YzBhZWNj Virtue, once subjected to the realities of the slum, was soon lost. v3.0, What type of document is it? The Life of a Victorian PowerPoint 4.8 (30 reviews) Comparing Victorian and Modern Day Homes Worksheets 4.5 (2 reviews) The Victorians: Lives of the Rich and Poor KS2 Facts Sheet 4.6 (10 reviews) The Victorians Handwriting Sampler 4.7 (3 reviews) This collection of documents relating to the lives of the Victorians is aimed at any teacher or student engaged in a local study of the Victorian period. The spacious and handsome Huguenot houses were divided up into tiny dwellings which were rented by poor families of labourers, who sought employment in the nearby docks. From the mid-1870s onwards, newspapers increasingly focused on the not so quiet women of Quiet Womans Row, referring to the lane as the locality miscalled Quiet Womans Row and that paradox of female Paradise. NTRjNjhhNWQzNzFmMDk3MGRjMjViNjEyYmQ1NDA4YTZhY2VkYzdkMWU3ZjJm OWZmNDhkY2Q0YjE1MzdhOTk1MjVjMDQ1ZTgzMzQ3ODA5MDc2ZDFiODBhOTVk v3.0, except where otherwise stated, Friends of The National -----BEGIN REPORT----- A little gruel morning and night, meat twice a week, that is the food of the grown-up people, seasoned with hard work and prison discipline. As many as 15 members of a . ZGJmYzc3ZTAyNjhkYjVjNzUyZDhmZTdlY2FiNWEyYmI3MGI5N2E2NDY1MzYz This lesson introduces the Victorian period and helps pupils to set it into its wider context in British history. They would purchase it, and then either retail it amongst the other lodgers in the kitchen or take it to some fence, where they would receive a profit upon it.. Some residents did commit offences, which was also the case in many other slum areas. Slum stories, of course, were written by outsiders and shaped by preconceptions of slum life. The owner was served notice to provide four additional closets, although there is no evidence that they did. The History Press | Five facts about London's Victorian slums Sadly child abuse and exploitation was very common in the slums. Poorer children usually worked in factories or as chimney sweeps, often working 16 hour days in horrendous conditions. A number of gentlemen and lady slummers decided to take up temporary residence in the East End in order to collect data on the nature and extent of poverty and deprivation. Lees, L. H. Exiles of Erin: Irish Migrants in Victorian London. Victorian Era Slums. Please note that Kidadl is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon. Poverty in Victorian England - Back In The Day Of Children were either feral, running around in the streets with little parental guidance, or like the women innocent beings who, if removed from their environment, might thrive. MTM2Y2ViZTMzMWU0MWI3ZDE0Y2NlZDFmZjFkNzkxNWZmMjA5NDRjZWQwNDBm Written or oral accounts of their first-hand observations arose public conscience and motivation to provide slum welfare programmes, and prompted political demands for slum reform. New York: Holmes & Meier 1976. ___. Kidadl provides inspiration to entertain and educate your children. Their cross-class sexual fellowships contributed to diminishing class barriers and reshaping gender relations at the turn of the nineteenth century. Victorian children lived very different lives to children today. It is true that the verbal and minor assaults frequently involved women, but this is inevitable given that they tended to spend more time at home than their husbands, who worked at the docks. In the 1890s, the press reported that an unnamed young girl from a wealthy background had been reported missing. YzZhM2ExNzBlYzI5ZDVjNzBmMTU3MWU4N2I5NTU2ZDg1MTkxZGE2YjIyMTg0 The Victorians - Top Ten Facts The Victorian era is what we call the time that Queen Victoria reigned: 1837-1901. YjJjNzJjMTMxOTdjMzJhYjBlOGU3ZmFlMzUwMGUzNmVhMDJhNzI5NTRkMzAw Porter, Roy. YTM5MDU3YTk3ZDA1NjRjOGI1MzJmZGJmYTBkYzQ1Mjc1ZGNmMmFkNjg4YzM0 Benevolent middle- and upper-class women went to slums for a variety of purposes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. This is because even though America was its own country, England still set a lot of the stylistic norms for the culture. It eagerly noted how drunkenness, harlotry, murder and bestiality were ever-present in areas where distinctions between sexes were unknown due to communal living in doss houses, before including a graphic tale of one wife, the victim of domestic violence, cowering from her sullen, drunken, murderous brute of a husband, while he ripped her clothing. Upper-class slummers sometimes spent in disguise a night or more in poor boarding houses seeking to experience taboo intimacies with the members of the lower classes. Mayhew, Henry. Slumming commenced in London [] with a curiosity to see the sights, and when it became fashionable to go 'slumming' ladies and gentlemen were induced to don common clothes and go out in the highways and byways to see people of whom they had heard, but of whom they were as ignorant as if they were inhabitants of a strange country. A Fashionable London Mania Reaches New York. 7. New York: Dover Publications, 1968. This consistency in style was achieved thanks to the development of the railways, allowing easy transportation of materials. After telling one resident about her rich parents, she had been abducted, in the hope that her father would pay a ransom for her release. A bundle is a package of resources grouped together to teach a particular topic, or a series of lessons, in one place. Slum Travelers: Ladies and London Poverty, 1860-1920. A young boy sits over an open sewer in the Kibera slum, Nairobi. Ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007. 1 review. ZTI4NTYxN2ZlZjQ2ODgwNmQzMGE0MTA2YjU5NjczYzRjNzI5ZjM1ZDQ2MTZi FMcM. Victorian Slums project | Bede Burn Primary School Please support the channel by sharing this video on social media It really helps the channel grow so we can bring you more content to watch Thank you Check out Victorian documentaries (Playlist):https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLLSSHJuYZhj5Nupw8SGZGGfVGg1hWjN6zCheck out Edwardian Documentaries (Playlist): https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLLSSHJuYZhj4GekxnJ9dF4np2LakeH1LACredits: Narration - markmanningmedia.comCC BY - Gloucester smallpox, 1896 six convalescent children. a depth study linked to one of the British areas of study A woman from a slum is taking a bath in a river. Instead, residents shared communal water pumps, but they were often polluted by the combination of sewage and rubbish that ran through the streets. For some slumming was a peculiar form of tourism motivated by curiosity, excitement and thrill, others were motivated by moral, religious and altruistic reasons. In the late Victorian era London's East End became a popular destination for slumming, a new phenomenon which emerged in the 1880s on an unprecedented scale. Those who would not or could not work were treated as an 'underclass' whose impoverished state was akin to a criminal offence. Victorian homelife - BBC Bitesize Key words associated with this time period, such as 'workhouse', 'slums', 'factories', 'Industrial Revolution', 'privy', 'night soil' and much more are included in these illustrated word cards. Garwood, John. The Slums of Victorian London, Victorian Studies, 11, 1 (1967) 5-40. Why should old people be punished for their existence? Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain. Such stories made readers feel as though part of their city was like the Wild West. The rendering to the left is an artists first hand impression of what a Victorian slum looked like. Over the next half century, there continued to be problems getting the landlords of these cheaply built houses to accept responsibility for maintaining them. Koven, Seth. Victorian London streets with terraces, Gustave Dor, 1872. Cobbett, William. NzI5YTEyMmNlZDlkYWY1NmExNzMxMTVkMjdjMzczMzAyM2E3MzI5NWEzOWEw Kidadl has a number of affiliate partners that we work with including Amazon. In fact, for a considerable number of Victorian gentlemen and ladies slumming was a form of illicit urban tourism. A FREE full lesson for KS2 introducing the Victorian period, including a detailed lesson plan, Powerpoint and pupil resource sheets. The shift from agricultural to industrial labour saw people move to urban areas where cheap housing, designed to be fairly short-term, was built on land under short leases to accommodate them. Inside of a slum house, from Jacob Riis photo collection of New York City (ca 1890). Described by the Daily Mail as the worst street in London it played host to the people most Londoners preferred to forget. SUBSCRIBE and click the bell icon to keep up-to-date. Many poor families lived crammed in single-room accommodations without sanitation and proper ventilation. Teaching the Victorians | English Heritage Reports of this girls misadventure neatly reflect the tropes of slumland storytelling a term coined by the historian Alan Mayne to describe the way newspapers in this period increasingly reported criminal incidents in the slum in a manner calculated to appeal to their middle-class, literate, readership. MzU2ZDU3NDRjYTYxZTU2ODcyZGRiM2E0ZWQxYmFjOTAxZjljNjEzNDZkYzBk The last two decades of the nineteenth century witnessed the upsurge of public inquiry into the causes and extent of poverty in Britain. [1]. For example: Dyos, H. J. and D. A. Reeder. Still can't find what you're looking for? From their amazing inventions to the reign of one of our most famous queens, the Victorian times are always a firm favourite with children. [Introduction to the Victorians: ](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/victorians-12058468) (FREE): A full lesson for KS2 introducing the Victorian period, including a detailed lesson plan, Powerpoint and pupil resource sheets. By the turn of the nineteenth century thousands of men and women were involved in social work and philanthropy in London slums. Unlike most classical styles, Victorian houses loved asymmetric shapes. The water from the pump was . Exploring the invention of the train and the expansion of the Victorian rail network. The amenities found in Victorian homes differ, depending on whether you're closer to the beginning or the end of the era, and whether you were rich or poor. Sanitary Ramblings: Being Sketches and Illustrations of Bethnal Green, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great The Million-Peopled City; or, One Half of the People of London Made Known to the Other Half.. London: Wertheim and Macintosh, 1853. A group of coarse, dirty women stood, with their bare arms akimbo, discussing the murder, whilst a dozen of half-dressed children were sitting about the road, apparently playing. The London County Council (LCC) decided to clear the Old Nichol slums in the 1890s, and the first council housing development in Britain, called the Boundary Estate, was built in its place shortly before 1900. By the early 1890s a number of shuls (synagogues) and chevrots (small places of worship) had been opened in Spitalfields and the neighbouring areas. It is a place where people may not have basic needs. 8. Political History > It was soon at the forefront of the local press attempts to see slums swept aside in the name of progress. What sources are useful for finding out about the British Empire and what the Victorians thought about it? Print out the sources and sort them into different types of source, for example, photos, drawings, letters or drawings. A Victorian house refers to any house built during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901). They volunteered in parish charities, worked as nurses and teachers and some of them conducted sociological studies. Subscribe for virtual tools, STEM-inspired play, creative tips and more. Indeed, between 1830 and 1860, half of all the defendants tried at the famous Old Bailey were aged 20 or under. A FREE full lesson for KS2 introducing the Victorian period, including a detailed lesson plan, Powerpoint and pupil resource sheets. Anyone using the information provided by Kidadl does so at their own risk and we can not accept liability if things go wrong. ODgyNDEzMGRjM2MyOWU1OTRiYzhmMzJmY2FjYzg4NDM3OTZiNWMxNGRlZGUy And although you might think of Victorian houses being lit only by candles, gas powered lighting actually developed quickly during Victorian times and, again, became a common feature in most homes. And, since glass was cheaper than it had been previously and it didn't matter as much if it was smashed, each window comprised either four or six panes. Slumland. 2.