The national capital is Bucharest. Romani people. After the Roman Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Schism of 1054, there existed a Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania for a short period of time, from 1228 to 1241. They traded and transported salt throughout the Bulgar Empire. [134] Examples of this would include Petr Shornikov,[144] Mikhail Guboglo and Valentin Dergachev. [38], Romania is one of the least urbanised countries in Europe. [175] The eastern branches of R1b represent 7%, they prevail in parts of Eastern and Central Europe as a result of Ancient Greek colonisation in parts of Sicily as well. [162][165] This theory is a compromise between the immigrationist and the continuity theories. [9], In 1990, Romania's population was estimated to be 23.21 million inhabitants. [10] For the entire period 19902006, the estimated population loss tops 1.5 million,[10] but it is likely to be higher, given the explosion of migration for work after 2001 and the tendency of some migrants to settle permanently in the countries where they live.[11]. The Diocese of Dacia (circa 337602) was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, in the area of modern-day Balkans. [143] According to Vladimr Baar and Daniel Jakubek, typically pro-Russian authors in Moldova tend to argue that "Romanian" as an ethnonym is only a mere recent product from Romanian nationalist historical myths despite the attestation of this name in old documents. [114] Papal correspondence mentions the activities of Orthodox prelates among the Romanians in Muntenia in the 1230s. Prior to the two wars, Decebalus defeated a Roman invasion during the reign of Domitian between 86 and 88 AD.[64]. See, for example, Fabio Bordignon, "Italian Decentralisation in Romania", SEF 2003, Warsaw. King Burebista who reigned from 82/61 BC to 45/44 BC, was the first king who successfully unified the tribes of the Dacian kingdom, which comprised the area located between the Danube, Tisza, and Dniester rivers. Before World War II, minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. Ethnicity - NHS Digital ), tennis (Ilie Nstase, Ion iriac, Simona Halep), rowing (Ivan Patzaichin) and handball (four times men's World Cup winners). Italy and Spain have been popular emigration destinations, due to a relatively low language barrier, and both are each now home to about a million Romanians. In 2014, the PNL-PDL candidate (as part of the larger Christian Liberal Alliance or ACL for short; also endorsed by the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania, FDGR/DFDR for short respectively) Klaus Iohannis won a surprise victory over former Prime Minister and PSD-supported contender Victor Ponta in the second round of the 2014 presidential elections. On the one hand, the Transylvanian Saxons and the Transylvanian Romanians (with consistent support on behalf of the Austrian Empire) successfully managed to oppose the goals of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, with the two noteworthy historical figures leading the common Romanian-Saxon side at the time being Avram Iancu and Stephan Ludwig Roth. [138] Authors that travelled to modern Romania who wrote about it in 1574,[139] 1575[140] and 1666 also noted the use of the term "Romanian". Release date: 24 April 2023. Romnia are 19.053.815 locuitori. Source: Rita J. Markel, The Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 17, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHind1984 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJones1988 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFJankovi2004 (. "Moldavan", ed. [69], Scythia Minor (c. 290 c. 680) was a Roman province corresponding to the lands between the Danube and the Black Sea, today's Dobruja divided between Romania and Bulgaria. [72] According to the Laterculus Veronensis of c.314 and the Notitia Dignitatum of c.400, Scythia belonged to the Diocese of Thrace. During the 1870s, the United Romanian Principalities (then led by Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Domnitor Carol I) fought a War of Independence against the Ottomans, with Romania's independence being formally recognised in 1878 at the Treaty of Berlin. The largest nationality in the republic, ethnic Romanians, numbered 2,795,000 persons, accounting for 64.5 percent of the population. Eventually the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by the Ottoman Empire. Stanescu, Eugen. Free elections were held in 1990. [96][97] He associated the Vlachs with the Dacians and the Bessi. [111], The Second Bulgarian Empire founded by the Asen dynasty consisting of Bulgarians and Vlachs was founded in 1185 and lasted until 1396. [167], The prevailing Y-chromosome in Wallachia (Ploieti, Dolj), Moldavia (Piatra Neam, Buhui), Dobruja (Constana), and northern Republic of Moldova is recorded to be Haplogroup I. . [73] The indigenous population of Scythia Minor was Dacian and their material culture is apparent archaeologically into the sixth century. Ilfov County has the highest crude birth rate (12.0), while Vlcea County has the lowest crude birth rate (6.6). 4954, Ibn al Nadim, al-Fihrist. The Romanians (Romanian: romni, pronounced[romn]; dated exonym Vlachs) are a Romance-speaking[56][57][58][59] ethnic group. According to the 2011 Romanian census, they number 621,573 people or 3.08% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians,[21] with significant populations in Mure (8.9%) and Clrai (7,47%) counties. [87], After the Avar Khaganate collapsed in the790s, the First Bulgarian Empire became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river Tisa. While the Raducanus I actually know are of Romanian ethnicity, in all other occasions I came across this name, the owners were Roma. [16] Mass emigration, mostly to Israel and United States, has reduced the surviving Jewish community to less than 6,000 in 2002 (it is estimated that the real numbers could be 3-4 times higher). The name Romanian is derived from Latin romanus, meaning "Roman". Roman culture is the culture of the Roman Empire that was based on the Greek culture and to a lesser extent the Byzantine culture. Count Dracula is a worldwide icon of Romania. The territories of modern-day Romania and Moldova were inhabited by the ancient Getae and Dacian tribes. It has been said that they constitute "an island of Latinity"[5] in Eastern Europe, surrounded on all sides either by Slavic peoples (namely Southern Slavic peoples and Eastern Slavic peoples) or by the Hungarians. [8] In connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, as part of the Russian-Ukrainian war, by 15 May 2022, more than 6,223,821 Ukrainian refugees left the territory of Ukraine, moving to the countries closest to the west of Ukraine, of which more than 919,574 people fled to neighboring Romania. [79] According to the early 13th century medieval Hungarian book Gesta Hungarorum the invading Magyars of King rpd [175] [176] Other studies analyzing the haplogroup frequency among Romanians came to similar results. [89], A series of Arab historians from the 10th century are some of the first to mention Vlachs in Eastern/South Eastern Europe: Mutahhar al-Maqdisi (c.945-991) writes: "They say that in the Turkic neighbourhood there are the Khazars, Russians, Slavs, Waladj (Vlachs), Alans, Greeks and many other peoples". (meaning "Return, return, brother!"). [83][84][85] However the document was written between 1200 and 1230, around 300 years after the described events and some modern historians have reservations about it and find it unreliable. We avoid using 'broad' and 'specific' when referring to ethnic groups. The number of Romani people is usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 511% of Romania's population.[22]. During the interwar period, two additional monarchs came to the Romanian throne, namely Carol II and Michael I. Human Y-chromosomal variation in European populations (PhD Thesis). [126], Up until 1541, Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, later (due to the conquest of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire) was a self-governed Principality governed by the Hungarian nobility. [103], The Byzantine chronicler Niketas Choniates writes that in 1164, Andronikos I Komnenos, the emperor Manuel I Komnenos's cousin, tried without success, to usurp the throne. Curta, Florin (2006), pp. The six ancient Norse myths that still resonate today - BBC Culture It has been argued by some Romanian researchers that "Ramunc" was not the name of the duke, but a name that highlighted his ethnicity. English translation: The Fihrist of al-Nadim. [82] Most researchers identify the Blachij with the Vlachs. 671,9851,079,726 (2021) Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups. Emma Raducanu's ethnic origins. Probably more Roma than Romanian Romanians - Wikipedia The country was under communist rule from 1948 until 1989, when the regime of Romanian leader Nicolae Ceauescu was overthrown. V. Klyuchevsky, The course of the Russian history. [101][96][102], The princess and chronicler Anna Komnene reports that in April 1091, on the eve of the decisive Byzantine-Pecheneg Battle of Levounion, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1057-1118) was assisted by "a number of 5,000 brave mountaineers and ready to attack, passed by his side, to fight alongside him". Romania - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette The principal minorities are Hungarians and Roma, although other smaller ethnic groups exist too. Romania, country of southeastern Europe. Current national objectives of Romania include adhering to the Schengen Area, the Eurozone as well as the OECD (i.e. Smaller percentages are Protestant, Jews, Muslims, agnostic, atheist, or practice a traditional religion. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). In 1916, Romania joined the war on the side of the Triple Entente. One, known as the Daco-Roman continuity theory, posits that they are descendants of Romans and Romanized indigenous peoples (Dacians) living in the Roman Province of Dacia, while the other posits that the Romanians are descendants of Romans and Romanized indigenous populations of the former Roman provinces of Illyricum, Moesia, Thracia, and Macedonia, and the ancestors of Romanians later migrated from these Roman provinces south of the Danube into the area which they inhabit today. The principal minorities in Romania are Hungarians ( Szeklers, Csangos, and Magyars; especially in Harghita, Covasna, and Mure counties) and Romani people, with a declining German population (in Timi, Sibiu, Braov, or Suceava) and smaller numbers of Poles in Bukovina (Austria-Hungary attracted Polish miners, who settled there from the Krakw 9 (1971) p. 585-593. [77], The first written record about a Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages in the Balkans, near the Haemus Mons is from 587 AD. The later Roman province Dacia Aureliana, was organized inside former Moesia Superior. Until the 17th century, the official language of the liturgy was Old Church Slavonic. Supplementary Tables", "Microsoft Word - REZULTATE DEFINITIVE RPL2011.doc", "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", "Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table", "Bun venit la Institutul National de Statistica - Institutul National de Statistica", "Welcome to National Institute of Statistics | National Institute of Statistics", "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations", "The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency", "POPULAIA ROMNIEI PE LOCALITI LA 1 IANUARIE 2016", "GHO - By category - Life expectancy and Healthy life expecancy - Data by country", "Countries Compared by People > Total population > Age 25-29 >% of the total. Contact: Sarah Eley. The origins of the Romanian language, a Romance language, can be traced back to the Roman colonisation of the region. The following demographic statistics are from National Institute of Statistic on 1 July 2016. The National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics (NIRDI) gives the following numbers (the figure for 2020 was provided by the National Institute of Statistics - INSSE): Slightly more than 10% of the population of Romania is formed of minorities of Romania. [162], According to a triple analysis autosomal, mitochondrial and paternal of available data from large-scale studies, the whole genome SNP data situates Romanians are most closely related to Bulgarians, Macedonians, followed by other European populations, which form a coherent cluster among worldwide populations. At the time of the 1989 census, Moldova's total population was 4,335,400. Race is defined as "a category of humankind that shares certain distinctive physical traits.". [70][71] The capital of the province was Tomis (today Constana). According to the 2011 Romanian census they number 51,703 people, making up 0.3% of the total population. During the Middle Ages, Romanian was isolated from the other Romance languages, and borrowed words from the nearby Slavic languages (see Slavic influence on Romanian). Which makes the United States home to the largest Romanian community outside Romania. Failing in his attempt, the Byzantine prince sought refuge in Halych but Andronikos I Komnenos was "captured by the Vlachs, to whom the rumor of his escape had reached, he was taken back to the emperor". The function received by Nikulitsa might have been as a commander of a Vlach army. 284, "On the Significance of Certain Names: Romanian/Wallachian and Romania/Wallachia", https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004250765_003, Pre-National Identities in the Balkans in: Entangled Histories of the Balkans, "ivot u sjeni konstitutivnih naroda Rumunji u BiH", "IRES: Aproape 9 din 10 romni se consider religioi, dar doar 10% in post", "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe", "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century", "Populaia stabil dup religie judee, municipii, orae, comune", "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data", "Y-chromosome analysis in individuals bearing the Basarab name of the first dynasty of Wallachian kings", "A Quantitative Comparison of the Similarity between Genes and Geography in Worldwide Human Populations", "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe", "Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12", "Genetic affinities among the historical provinces of Romania and Central Europe as revealed by an mtDNA analysis", The Romanian nation in the beginning of the 20th century, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanians&oldid=1152706722, 1,206,938 migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups, 748,2251,500,000 migrants from Romania of all ethnic groups, including a wide range of. Culture in the Ancient Roman Republic - ThoughtCo Other speakers of the latter languages are the Aromanians, the Megleno-Romanians, and the Istro-Romanians (native to Istria, Croatia), all of them unevenly distributed throughout the Balkan Peninsula, which may be considered either Romanian subgroups or separated yet, nevertheless, related ethnicities. Origin of Roman culture, characteristics and more - Postposmo Haplogroup I occurs at 32% in Romanians. Romania is not Western. "Scythia Minor". Five years later, Bsescu (solely supported by the PDL this time) was narrowly re-elected for a second term in the 2009 presidential elections. Short list of features that characterize Romanian women Estimates of the number of Romanian people worldwide vary from minimum 24 to maximum 30 million, in part depending on whether the definition of the term "Romanian" includes natives of both Romania and Moldova, their respective diasporas, and native speakers of both Romanian and other Eastern Romance languages (or Daco-Romance languages). [135] Several other documents, notably from Italian travelers into Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, speak of the self-identification, language and culture of the Romanians, showing that they designated themselves as "Romans" or related to them in up to 30 works. [137] Another one is Francesco della Valle's 1532 manuscripts that state that the Romanians from Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania preserved the name "Roman" and cites the sentence "Sti Rominest?" On the other hand, the Wallachian revolutions of 1821 and 1848 as well as the Moldavian Revolution of 1848, which aimed for independence from Ottoman and Russian foreign rulership, represented important impacts in the process of spreading the liberal ideology in the eastern and southern Romanian lands, in spite of the fact that all three eventually failed. [60] In one interpretation of the 1989 census results in Moldova, the majority of Moldovans were counted as ethnic Romanians in this country as well. [161] Numbering about 500 people still living in the original villages of Istria while the majority left for other countries after World War II (mainly to Italy, United States, Canada, Spain, Germany, France, Sweden, Switzerland, Romania, and Australia), they speak the Istro-Romanian language, the closest living relative of Romanian. Since 2013, the Romanian Language Day is celebrated on 31 August in Romania. [98] [99][100] Accordingly, historians have located this homeland in several places, including Pannonia Inferior (Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu) and Dacia Aureliana (Mtys Gyni). Ethnic Diversity Challenges in Romania: Tolerance Discourses and 12% of the Romanians belong to Haplogroup R1b, the Alpino-Italic branch of R1b is at 2% a lower frequency recorded than other Balkan peoples. Wood carving, pottery, and woolen rug weaving are some of the traditional Romanian handicrafts. [147], To distinguish Romanians from the other Romanic peoples of the Balkans (Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians), the term Daco-Romanian is sometimes used to refer to those who speak the standard Romanian language and live in the former territory of ancient Dacia (today comprising mostly Romania and Moldova) and its surroundings (such as Dobruja or the Timok Valley, the latter region part of the former Roman province of Dacia Ripensis).[148][149]. During the interwar period in Romania, the total number of ethnic Germans amounted to as much as 786,000 (according to some sources and estimates dating to 1939),[13][14] a figure which had subsequently fallen to circa 36,000 as of 2011 in contemporary Romania. Mircea Eliade, writer and historian of religions, Sergiu Celibidache, honored conductor and music teacher. V. Mrcule, Vlachs during the Comnenian period, p. 46. Writing about ethnicity - GOV.UK In sports, Romanians have excelled in a variety of fields, such as football (Gheorghe Hagi), gymnastics (Nadia Comneci, Lavinia Miloovici etc. Datos provisionales 2020", "Estadstica de residentes extranjeros en Espaa", Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration, "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom by country of birth and sex, January 2020 to December 2020", "According to the Secretary of State Romanian, Florin Crciu: In France alone we have 500,000 Romanians, more than what the French State declares today", "Ci romni muncesc n strintate i unde sunt cei mai muli", "Anzahl der Auslnder in sterreich nach den zehn wichtigsten Staatsangehrigkeiten am 1. If we need to, we refer to either 'aggregated' ethnic groups or ethnic groups 'as a whole'. (1971) - In: Revue des tudes sud-est europennes vol. [133] Under regular phonetical changes that are typical to the Romanian language, the name romanus over the centuries transformed into rumn [rumn]. However, this seems to be the exception, rather than the rule, as in both Wallachia and Moldavia the state religion was Eastern Orthodox. The Vlachs killed David in their first documented battle. Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (to the former Soviet Union, now Moldova and Ukraine) and southern Dobrudja (to Bulgaria). [169], A 2017 paper concentrated on the Mitochondrial DNA of Romanians, showed how Romania has been "a major crossroads between Asia and Europe" and thus "experienced continuous migration and invasion episodes"; while stating that previous studies show Romanians "exhibit genetic similarity with other Europeans". Petrache Poenaru, inventor of the fountain pen, Nicolae Paulescu, pioneer of insulin development, Victor Babe, physician and bacteriologist, pioneer of microbiology. The closest ethnic groups to the Romanians are the other Romanic peoples of Southeastern Europe: the Aromanians (Macedo-Romanians), the Megleno-Romanians, and the Istro-Romanians. [7], Romania's population has declined steadily in recent decades, from a peak of 23.2 million in 1990 to 19.12 million in 2021. Szukits Knyvkiad. It is believed that they diverged from the Romanians in the 7th to 9th century, and currently speak the Aromanian language and Megleno-Romanian language, both of which are Balkan Romance languages, like Romanian, and are sometimes considered by traditional Romanian linguists to be dialects of Romanian. [61][62] Romanians also form an ethnic minority in several nearby countries situated in Central, Southeastern, and Eastern Europe, most notably in Hungary, Serbia (including Timok), and Ukraine. [152] However, some non-specialist organisations have produced estimates which are considerably higher: a 2002 study by the Romanian-American Network Inc. mentions an estimated figure of 1,200,000[43] for the number of Romanian Americans. 1. V. Mrcule, The Vlachs in the military actions during the Comnen, in Revista de Istorie Militar, 2(60), 2000, p. 46-47 (hereinafter: The Vlachs during the Comnen). In Republika Srpska, one of the two entities constituting Bosnia and Herzegovina together with the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romanians are legally recognized as an ethnic minority.[153]. Roman people. From the Slavs, it was passed on to other peoples, such as the Hungarians (Olh) and Greeks (Vlachoi) (see the Etymology section of Vlachs). [173][174] Haplogroup R1a among Romanians is entirely from the Eastern European variety Z282 and may be a result of Baltic, Thracian or Slavic descent. George Constantinescu created the theory of sonics, while mathematician tefan Odobleja has been claimed as "the ideological father behind cybernetics" his work The Consonantist Psychology (Paris, 1938) was supposedly the main source of inspiration for N. Wiener's Cybernetics (Paris, 1948). Thus, Iohannis became the first Romanian president stemming from an ethnic minority of the country (as he belongs to the Romanian-German community, being a Transylvanian Saxon). By the end of the 18th century, the Austrian Empire was awarded by the Ottomans with the region of Bukovina and, in 1812, the Russians occupied the eastern half of Moldavia, known as Bessarabia through the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812.[127]. As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.
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