Thus, there must be a parallel effort to accomplish more sophisticated NHP phenotyping in large numbers of animals. [7], In September 2017, Nathan Herschler, J.D. , Pang W, Agui T, Lee BH. In summary, advances in NHP genomics have high potential to identify and develop NHP models of use for translational research. K Productive breeding colonies were rapidly reestablished at the recipient NPRCs, suggesting a relative lack of stress on macaques and marmosets caused by movement among centers. [25][28][26], NEAVS launched its national Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign in 2003 to end the use of chimpanzees in invasive biomedical research and provide them permanent homes in sanctuary. Use of chimpanzees led to development of vaccines that prevent Hepatis A and B and antivirals that are curative for Hepatitis C. These authors also provide a summary and timeline of the events that lead to a cessation of the use of chimpanzees for invasive biomedical research and the decision by the NIH and US Congress to move these animals to sanctuaries, a process that is not yet complete. Our mission is two-fold: (1) To train the next generation of independent scientists and engineers in an inclusive and fun environment. (2017), lack of rigor in preclinical animal studies, including basic aspects of reproducibility such as blinding, sample sizes, and use of both males and females, contribute to lack of reproducibility. As issue editor, I expect that these reviews will be of use to many different researchers, including clinical investigators as well as personnel in funding agencies, as would be expected. (2017) have reported sequencing of several additional rhesus, which can be used to further refine the rhesus genome assembly and allow new inferences about rhesus genome organization and potential for identifying disease genes in captive populations. Animal Data Is Not Reliable for Human Health Research Furthermore, major users of research animals, such as pharmaceutical companies and universities, are often reticent to acknowledge use of animals and therefore are limited in their ability to defend investigations that require them. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Michael Mustari reviews the use of NHP models aimed at understanding the causes of and ameliorating conditions that lead to blindness or lack of visual acuity in humans, including problems of eye alignment (strabismus), lazy eye (amblyopia), unsteady gaze (nystagmus), and defective eye movements. The baboon sequence, while not yet published, is available from public databases (reviewed in Harding 2017). She was elected NEAVS' first woman president in 1998. animal ethics and scientific research This article provides a detailed review of the use of NHP preclinical models to study several aspects of conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, including glucose resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. , Miller P. Bayne Biomedical Research Nevertheless, there are now several examples of creation of genetically modified monkeys that can be used for translational research. I am a psychologist and President of New England Anti-Vivisection Society. , Gibbs RM, Norgren RBJr. Biomedical Research - American Anti-Vivisection Society I will confine this discussion to the United States, although similar considerations also obtain in Europe. Peter Havel and colleagues review the use of NHP preclinical models for metabolic conditions, concentrating on obesity and metabolic syndrome. Zimmermann, T. Schraeder, B. Reynolds, E.M. DeBoer, K.B. The ability to readily sequence individual animals has prompted the champions of this technology to suggest large-scale sequencing of many more animals, particularly rhesus at the NPRCs (Bimber et al. (2015), Phillips et al. CROs may both breed and import animals, where importation is possible. McGinley The field of NHP-based translational research will benefit from a direct comparison of requirements for animal welfare across centers in all countries that supply NHPs for translational investigations. (2) To conduct high impact research Cornish Rise for Animals Second, once drugs have been developed by the companies and their collaborators, Phase II and Phase III human clinical trials can have failure rates of 50% or more (Hay et al. One solution that has been proposed to meet acute, high-demand situations is to maintain modestly sized reserve colonies of macaques that can be used specifically to deal with sudden increases in demand due to emerging pathogens. WebAccording to our records, this business is located at 45 Memorial Cir in Augusta (in Kennebec County), Maine 04330, the location GPS coordinates are: 44.3101021 (latitude), -69.7801427 (longitude). New England Anti-Vivisection Society Examples include studies of several visual abnormalities (Mustari 2017), development of HIV/AIDS vaccines and therapeutics (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017), and therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. Havel Cox [2], In 1890 George Angell and the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (MSPCA) held an essay contest entitled "Why I Am Against Vivisection". 2016), using small numbers of females. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA), 36(4), 381-428. NHPs were critical preclinical models for development of these antiviral drugs (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017). Arrowsmith [12] The resulting alternative was later used by a number of product and cosmetics companies. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The authors emphasize many different aspects of this topic, including effects of genetics, epigenetics, and diet on CVD; the relationship of infectious disease and CVD, as exemplified by studies of Chagas disease; and the use of stem cell-based technologies to develop NHP preclinical models. These experiments cause even greater suffering, high death rates, and other negative health consequences for the millions of animals used. Chen 2011). Similar regulations and mechanisms exist in Europe (for reviews, see Bayne and Morris 2012; Olsson et al. MA WebNEAVS was nominated in the public awareness category for our Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign (releasechimps.org). An extreme example of this exclusivity is the essential use of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), relative even to macaques or other monkeys, for the development of vaccines against infection by Hepatitis A and B viruses and of therapeutics to cure Hepatitis C disease (Lanford et al. Efforts aimed at more extensive phenotyping of NHPs will be facilitated by the existing capability for imaging and behavioral testing already present at the NPRCs and elsewhere in the research community. Annual membership to the NNEVS gives you access to CME events, networking opportunities and much more. Richard Stouffer and Teresa Woodruff review the use of NHPs to study critical issues related to womens reproductive health. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences. Arrays have also been developed to aid in aspects of colony management, such as testing for parentage or geographic origin (Kanthaswamy et al. . Chimpanzees are the only animal model that can be used to test strategies for prevention or amelioration of Hepatis B and C and are the most useful model for Hepatitis A. However, despite a relative lack of supply, investigators were able to develop a macaque-based model to help understand pathogenesis (Dudley et al. There are many examples of all of these uses of NHP genomic sequences in the literature, and I expect that the use of genomic sequences will increase markedly in the future. IA , Suemizu H, Shimada A, Hanazawa K, Oiwa R, Kamioka M, Tomioka I, Sotomaru Y, Hirakawa R, Eto T, Shiozawa S, Maeda T, Ito M, Ito R, Kito C, Yagahashi C, Kawai K, Miyoshi H, Tanioka Y, Tamaoki N, Habu S, Okano H, Nomura T. SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks) However, this is often done with limited success, because many human diseases do not naturally occur in the animals used. , Lackner A. Xia 2009), autism (Liu et al. WebContact Who is Neavs Headquarters 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States Phone Number (617) 523-6020 Website www.releasechimps.org The sudden emergence of a pathogen such as Zika or Ebola virus can cause problems related to supply and demand, since rapid response to these infections often requires use of specific types of animals in excess of plans in place at the time. This review also briefly discusses approaches such as gene therapy, stem cell-based technologies, neuro-prosthetics, and optogenetics that can be used to restore retinal function, leading to amelioration of retinal diseases. Highly visible organizations, such as the Humane Society of the United States (http://www.humanesociety.org/) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (http://www.neavs.org/), called here, for shorthand, animal rights organizations, actively oppose animal-based research. Chimpanzees have also been moved by truck from various centers to the Chimp Haven sanctuary within the United States, as mandated by the NIH (Reardon 2015), following a complex review process that involved, among others, the US National Academy of Medicine and the NIH Council of Councils and Directors Office with input from researchers and stakeholders. Biomedical researchers attempt to answer basic questions about human biology and apply those findings to improve human health. NEAVS Laboratories sticking painful eye irritants into restrained rabbit's eyes to test an eye product and cats being forced to have brain electrocutions to test for neurological pharmaceutical drugs are just two of hundreds of products tested on animals according to PETA (peta.org). Combined and coordinated use of NHPs, other relevant animal models, and alternatives could enhance the ability to successfully develop pharmaceuticals with improved probability of success in human clinical trials. Monroe, A.L. 2016), microcephaly (Ke et al. Rise for Animals (NEAVS) | Boston, MA | Cause IQ Details of these alternative approaches are outside the purview of this review. More than a decade later, roughly 900 chimpanzees remained in U.S. labs and the vast majority were not being used. These common disorders of the female reproductive system include polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, placental dysfunction, and preterm labor, among others. Lanford [22][23] A survey completed by the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association in 2007 indicated that half of U.S. vet schools no longer require terminal labs in core courses. They also discuss the relationship between studies that utilize rodents and those that use NHPs, as well as details regarding the relative merits of using rhesus macaques versus cynomolgus macaques. The USA is the only significant user of chimpanzees in biomedical research in the world, since many With the support of people like you, we save animals from Neavs headquarters are located in 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States, Neavss main industries are: Membership Organizations, Organizations, Business Services, Neavs appears in search results as Project R&R, Chimps Inc, Project R & R. , Akiota MT, Mohr EL, Weiller AM, Lehrer-Brey G, Weisgrau KL, Mohns MS, Breitbach ME, Rasheed MN, Newman CM, Gellerup DD, Moncla LH, Post J, Schultz-Darken N, Schotzko ML, Hayes JM, Eudailey JA, Moody MA, Permar SR, OConnor SL, Rakasz EG, Simmons HA, Capuano S, Golos TG, Osorio JE, Friedrich TC, OConnor DH. AV Magazine. , Liesz A. Manolio , Bales KL, Capitanio JP, Conley A, Czoty PW, tHart BA, Hopkins WD, Hu SL, Miller LA, Nader MA, Nathanielsz PW, Rogers J, Shively CA, Voytko ML. Neeves Lab WebThe NADL (later renamed the National Animal Disease Center, or NADC) contained research and regulatory laboratories. 2013; Vasbinder and Locke 2016), the European Union (Olsson et al. Sasaki HIV/AIDS vaccine development is one of the most important and difficult goals of modern translational medicine. These necessary components of NHP-based research usually require housing animals in large centers, each of which can harbor more than 1000 (often 40005000 or more) animals because of the expense and complexity of husbandry. . Neeves. , Locke P. Grimm [51][52], NEAVS is also the U.S. Executive Office for Cruelty Free International, founded by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV). [38][55][56][57], Through its Sanctuary Fund, NEAVS makes grants to organizations providing lifetime care for animals previously used in research. The well-established difference in the response of Indian- versus Chinese-origin rhesus macaques to infection by simian immunodeficiency virus is a graphic example of this phenomenon (Harding 2017 and references therein; Van Rompay 2017). National Association for Biomedical Research Neeves, [93] C.J. WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the NIH, to investigate the current and future need for chimpanzees in research. Abstract and Figures. , Comuzzie AG, Havill LM, Karere GM, Spradling KD, Mahaney MC, Nathanielsz PW, Nicolella DP, Shade RE, Voruganti S, VandeBerg JL. Investigators in all parts of the world, including the United States, Europe, and Asia, would greatly benefit from reviews that summarize the capabilities of these Asian centers in more detail. Approximately 2000 animals were transferred, without loss of a single animal; specific pathogen-free animals remained free of viruses. The website for the US National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) includes short discussions of the use of NHPs to study several different diseases (https://www.nprcresearch.org). Fish and Wildlife Service to list captive chimpanzees as endangered along with wild chimpanzees,[39] and lobbying for the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA) that would end invasive research on chimpanzees and retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary. [53], NEAVS policy advocacy includes petitioning the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to require, when existing, validated alternatives in place of animal testing through the Mandatory Alternatives Petition (MAP) Coalition,[54] lobbying for dissection choice,[25] petitioning the U.S. (5) Design of primers for assays that utilize the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for genetic modification using CRISPR/Cas9 or other techniques for developing genetically modifying animals. NEAVS also makes lifetime care commitments to animals in sanctuary and helped support the formation of the North American Primate Sanctuary Alliance.[58]. In many cases, preclinical investigations that have avoided use of NHPs have failed, for example for development of therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. Strange The authors point out that there are still important medical issues regarding Hepatitis, such as the development of curative therapies for chronic Hepatitis B, as opposed to the successful development of vaccines to thwart new infections, and the development of a vaccine for Hepatitis C, as opposed to the successful development of antivirals. . harmful, invasive, and lethal research on all great apes in the U.S.the largest holding of chimpanzees for use in research in the world. M The physiological response to stress can differentially affect the animals reaction to a given experimental intervention (Capitanio 2017). Olsson [43], On June 26, 2013, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced it would move forward with plans to retire almost 90% of its chimpanzees to sanctuary. NEAVS also works to educate the public, lawmakers, and others about the needs of primates used in research, <>>> China has also increased its capacity to perform contract research that can be out-sourced to pharmaceutical companies (Xia and Gautam 2015). , Schoenbaum EE, Lee LS, Schteingart DE, Marantz PR, Anderson KE, Platt LD, Baez A, Esposito K. Sasaki Because the onset of the disease is intentional and researchers want to understand its process, the animals are not generally treated as human patients would be, and their pain and distress is often part of study protocols. <> (2008). This article describes and discusses the details of this program (termed the Biobehavioral Assessment Program), the differences between these naturally occurring NHP models and induced models of conditions such as loneliness, and measurement of relevant physiological and genetic parameters in these animal models.
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