site of the original radium company city of orange site of the original radium company city of orange

The 2, 3, 6, and 8 were hardest to make correctly, for the fine lines which contrast with the heavy strokes in these numerals were usually too broad, even with the use of the finest, clipped brushes. United States Radium Corporation - Wikipedia Alfson, M., trans Documentation Compiled After. United States Radium Corporation, Radium Crystallization Laboratory, 428 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ. These investigations had military as well as civilian implications. and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). site of the original radium company city of orange Beer was also major revenue producer in Orange beginning in the 1890s when the three Winter Brothers of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, arrived in the city and built the first brewery. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. 13 BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS Death Due to Aplastic Anemia-- Women Workers Who Were Stricken Sued Company. Major firms located in Orange were the Monroe Calculating Company, manufacturers of the patented adding machines of the same name, and the Bates Manufacturing Company, producers of office accessories such as staplers and stampers. Osteyee's Great Radium Spring Water Company incorporated May 1915 in Albany, New York. The Pm-147, mixed together with ZnS in a polymer paint, is either an insoluble oxide or is incorporated into ceramic microspheres. No more adhesive than necessary would be used because the adhesive would absorb some of the alpha particle energy before it could be deposited in the zinc sulfide. % Nevertheless, in the early 1950s the U.S. military began to use Sr-90 instead of Ra-226 in its radioluminous personnel and deck markers. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies sites such as Us Radium Corp because they pose or had once posed a potential risk to human health and/or the environment due to contamination by one or more hazardous wastes . Bound. The latter procedure involved dusting a freshly painted dial with radioluminescent powder so that the powder would stick to the paint. Orange, NJ: Orange Publishing Company, 1956.). [3] The ore was obtained from "Undark mines" in Paradox Valley, Colorado and in Utah. [17][18] In 2009, the EPA wrapped up their long-running Superfund cleanup effort.[19][20]. NCRP Report 56 indicated that the estimated average dose equivalent to the gonads of an individual wearing a radium-containing watch was approximately 3 mrem per year. (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). Other radionuclides have also been used, e.g., strontium-90 (Sr-90) and carbon-14 (C-14). The company was founded in 1914 in New York City, by Dr. Sabin Arnold von Sochocky and Dr. George S. Willis, as the Radium Luminous Material Corporation. The author was D.W. Gregory. But demand for luminescent products surged again during World War II; by 1942, it employed as many as 1,000 workers, and in 1944 was reported to have radium mining, processing, and application facilities in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania; Bernardsville, New Jersey; Whippany, New Jersey; and North Hollywood, California as well as New York City. [Data Pages from Survey HAER NJ-121-B ], [Photo Captions from Survey HAER NJ-121-B ]. On October 2, 1837, the first steam locomotive appeared, and the horses were, with minor exception, relegated to pasture. The Deterioration of the Paint's Luminosity. The radium crystallization laboratory is a contributory element to the historical significance of the U.S. Radium site. (vi) 60 microcuries of promethium 147 per watch dial or 120 microcuries of promethium 147 per other timepiece dial (bezels when used shall be considered as part of the dial). The old Radium Dial Company building became a meatpacking plant and then a farmer's co-op. One early report by Charles Viol stated that the reduction in the luminescence was due, at least in part, to a radiation-induced discoloration of the zinc sulfide crystals. Unbeknownst to the women, the paint was highly radioactive and therefore, carcinogenic. Between 1950 and the 1990s, as a result of Interstate 280 and urban renewal programs, but primarily due to the major shift in growth from the cities to suburbs, Orange lost population so that 1990 it had declined to 29,000. Us Radium Corp. United States Radium Corporation, Paint Application Building, 422 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ. Trommers brewed beer under that label until 1950, when the concern was again sold to Liebmann Breweries, Incorporated, which bottled Rheingold. Eventually, after several additional owners, the plant was closed for good in 1977. The company was originally established by brothers Charles and Gilbert LaBine as a gold mining enterprise in 1926, [2] but transitioned to focus on radium in the 1930s and uranium beginning in the 1940s. The inside wall of the tube was coated with the luminescent material while the tritium was present as a gas. Therefore, it does not license or charge permission fees for use of such material and cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material. Source: *National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1,971 likes. Women With A Toxic Glow | To The Best Of Our Knowledge These records document the perspective of the United States Radium Corporation (USRC) and its predecessor, the Radium Luminous Material Double-paged plates numbered 1-31. There were no publicly recognized health or safety problems identified or standards established for handling radioactive materials at this time. It was once the hat-making capital of the United States, as several brothers founded the "No-Name Hat Company," before one of them moved on to make fedoras in Philadelphia under the family name, "Stetson." City of Orange, CA | Home The U. S. Radium Corporation site is a National Priorities List site located in Orange, New Jersey. These decay products (Rn-222, Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214, Pb-210, Bi-210, and Po-210) emit alphas, betas and gamma rays. NUREG-1717 also calculated the effective dose equivalent to the wearer of a Pm-147 containing watch using two scenarios. United States Radium Corporation, Radium Crystallization Laboratory, 428 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ, Historic American Engineering Record, creator. %PDF-1.4 If radium is ingested or inhaled, the radiation emitted by the radionuclide can interact with cells and damage them. site of the original radium company city of orange Based on the results of one survey conducted in Tennessee, the average whole body exposure due to a radium-containing radioluminescent clock might be on the order of 7 to 9 mrem per year. A new corporation, Metreal, Inc., was created to hold the assets of the Bloomsburg plant. trans by Alfson, Marymitter Documentation Compiled After. [Data Pages from Survey HAER NJ-121-A ], [Photo Captions from Survey HAER NJ-121-A ]. A couple of the factors that would affect this decrease in luminosity would be the amount of the radium, and the size and concentration of the zinc sulfide crystals. This explanation is plausible and might provide a partial explanation for the decreased luminosity of old paint, but I have my doubts. The City of Orange Township is approximately 2.2 square miles and is surrounded by the municipalities of East Orange, South Orange and West Orange. The City historically contained two marsh land areas bounded by the North side of Main Street, between Day Street and South Harrison Street, stretching to Highland Avenue and both sides of Irvington along South Center Street. Little, E. H. - Colgate, Samuel - Colgate, Gilbert - Colgate, Richard - Colgate, William - Christianson, Justine - Colgate, Austen - Palmolive Company - Colgate, Sidney - Zakalak, Ulana D Little, E. H. - Colgate, Samuel - Colgate, Gilbert - Colgate, Richard - Colgate, William - Christianson, Justine - Colgate, Austen - Palmolive Company - Colgate, Sidney - Zakalak, Ulana D - Flagg, Thomas R - Colgate, Bowles - Historic American Engineering Record - Raber, Michael S - Weinstein, Gerald - Palmolive-Peet Company - Colgate-Palmolive - Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Company - Colgate, Charles - Associates of the Jersey Company - Pearce, Charles - Colgate, Russell, Photo(s): 2 | Data Page(s): 7 | Photo Caption Page(s): 2, Raber, Michael S - Turner Construction Company - Hartz Mountain Industries, Incorporated - Kahn, Albert - Ford Motor Company - Flagg, Thomas R - Pittsburgh Clay Products Company - Historic American Engineering Record. Around 1920, a similar radium dial business, known as the Radium Dial Company, a division of the Standard Chemical Company, opened in Chicago. ORAU manages the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). As a result of achieving status as a town, Orange was permitted to establish fire, police, street and other town departments. Orange, West Orange. (vii) The levels of radiation from hands and dials containing promethium 147 will not exceed, when measured through 50 milligrams per square centimeter of absorber: (A) For wrist watches, 0.1 millirad per hour at 10 centimeters from any surface, (B) For pocket watches, 0.1 millirad per hour at 1 centimeter from any surface, (C) For any other timepiece, 0.2 millirad per hour at 10 centimeters from any surface. The more concentrated preparations (generally containing 215 ug of radium per gram to meet British Admiralty standards) were used on aircraft and ship instrument dials, while lower-grade materials containing about 50 to 100 ug of radium per gram of mixture were used on watches, switch markings, and other devices requiring less critical reading." The estimated dose from a watch containing 4.5 uCi of radium, a very large amount, would be 310 mrem per year to the gonads. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies sites such as Us Radium Corp because they pose or had once posed a potential risk to human health and/or the environment due to contamination by one or more hazardous wastes. After initial success in developing a glow-in-the-dark radioactive paint, the company was subject to several lawsuits in the late 1920s in the wake of severe illnesses and deaths of workers (the Radium Girls) who had ingested radioactive material. Lawyer Edward Markley was in charge of defending the company in these cases.[1]. trans by Alfson, Marymitter Documentation Compiled After. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in These glowing clocks were painted by young girls in a studio located in Orange, N.J., a city that was not far from my grandmother's home. By itself, radium in high enough concentrations will glow blue, a phenomenon first observed by Marie and Pierre Curie. oB*654VuG}k{6|}.O-bcDg{/>`&d}/s(7yeO}{zucWx AA8wQ,]KW+vx2\vn~0AUfUkqa..}rCTX'wnc?Cgg7kT}UZF51Y7]3b*@itILyBfC(wlM^W#:llNm,l)b. Not only did military supply contracts end, but luminous dial manufacturing shifted to promethium-147 and tritium. N 'l" Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and Map of congested district. Once they have been promoted to the conduction band by the radiation, the electrons move to positively charged activator sites (e.g., copper, manganese, or silver impurities). United States Radium Corporation, Paint Application Building, 422 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ. Agency (EPA) during cleanup operations at the Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania Safety Light Corporation Superfund site. (1968) United States Radium Corporation, Radium Crystallization Laboratory, 428 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ. [3] In Orange, where radium was extracted from 1917 to 1926, the U.S. Radium facility processed half a ton of ore per day. The following year, a new facility at the Bloomsburg plant opened for the manufacturing of "tritiated metal foils and tritium activated self-luminous light tubes,"[8] and the company switched focus to the manufacture of glow-in-the-dark exit and aircraft signs using tritium. advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. For information about reproducing, publishing, and citing material from this collection, as well as access to the original items, see: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscape Survey (HABS/HAER/HALS) Collection - Rights and Restrictions Information, If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. ORAU, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation, provides science, health and workforce solutions that address national priorities and serve the public interest. site of the original radium company city of orange The greater the number of alpha or beta particles striking the crystals, and the greater the energy deposited in them, the brighter the light. Historic American Engineering Record, Creator, Eugene J Boesch, and Michael S Raber, Weinstein, Gerald, photographer. While most of the ingested radium would pass through the body, some fraction of it would be absorbed and accumulate in the skeleton. They also got into the business of mining and producing radium. Note: May not be an exhaustive list; Department of Energy records focus on "primary" materials handled while under contract with its predecessor agencies. Photograph. It emits a gamma ray at 121 keV in a small fraction of its decays. - ", "At this time, investigations to identify additional contaminated properties are complete, and the cleanup of contaminated properties is essentially complete," according to the March 2013 document. At least in some plants they were actually trained how to do it. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, a very active labor movement was evolving which resulted in frequent labor disputes that sometimes had negative impacts on businesses. By 1921, only five hat-making firms were left, and by 1960, all had departed for places such as Norwalk and Danbury, Connecticut. As the hat-making industry declined, Orange's manufacturing economy shifted toward electrical supplies, pharmaceuticals, calculating machines, boxes, and radium watch dials. Other significant businesses emerged out of this industrial re-structuring. 66. 0000002092 00000 n Several workers died, and the health risks associated with radium were allegedly known, but this company continued dial painting operations until 1940. startxref The Factory of the 'Radium Girls' Is a Superfund Site - The Atlantic Note: Addresses and approximate coordinates derived from government documentation, property records, interviews, and/or other resources. The first electric trolley in the State of New Jersey operated over a section of this line. ziggy gruber daughters; liheap appointment scheduler; site of the original radium company city of orange If it is inhaled or swallowed, radium is dangerous because there is no shielding inside the body. 0000092751 00000 n <> (Some images display only as thumbnails outside Hat making had emerged as Orange's dominant industry by the 1850s. When the activator deexcites, a photon of light is emitted. 95, radium has not been used in radioluminescent watches since 1968, or in clocks since 1978 (these dates are approximate). 130. "RADIUM PAINT TAKES ITS INVENTOR'S LIFE; Dr. Sabin A. von Sochocky Ill a Long Time, Poisoned by Watch Dial Luminant. It stayed in the bottle. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our United States Radium Corporation, Paint Application Building, 422 Alden (iii) 15 millicuries of tritium per dial (bezels when used shall be considered as part of the dial). This led to litigation against U.S. Radium by the so-called Radium Girls, starting with former dial painter Marguerite Carlough in 1925. It was finally demolished in 1968, when its radium-contaminated rubble was used as landfill around. Ra-228 is a beta emitter, but over time it decays into thorium-228 (1.9 year half-life), an alpha emitter. Your public services and neighborly spirit are an example to the Nation" (Clark, Eleanor Sterling. The April 1920 Issue of Scientific American noted that more than 4,000,000 watches and clocks had been produced using radium-containing radioluminescent paint. Price lists, contact information, and order forms are available on the On Tuesday, April 7, 1807, the first government was elected at a town meeting. Samuel D. Day was elected as the first Chairman of the Orange Township Committee. 1 0 obj The former U.S. Radium Corporation facility, which covers 2 acres in the City of Orange, Essex County, New Jersey, is a former radium-processing plant where extraction, production, application, and distribution took place from about 1915 through 1926. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. In 1982, citizens voted overwhelmingly to change the designation of Orange from a city to a township, thereby making it eligible for National Revenue Sharing funds. - Significance: The U.S. Radium Corporation site, including the surviving structural components dating to the period 1917-1926, were associated with nationally significant developments in health and safety standards, the ability of women reformers to secure protection for workers handling radioactive materials, and tools used to detect and Eventually all of the trolleys, and the buses that replaced them, became part of the sprawling Public Service Coordinated Transport System. The original practice of using the mouth to put a point on a brush is described as follows by Robley Evans: "In painting the numerals on a fine watch, for example, an effort to duplicate the shaded script numeral of a professional penman was made. History of the City of Orange, NJ | PureHistory United States Radium Corporation, Radium Crystallization Laboratory, 428 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ. Hat-making was the essential industry, and can be traced to 1792. The betas emitted by tritium are of too low an energy to penetrate the watch case and contribute to the dose. In one, the effective dose equivalent was estimated to be 0.2 mrem per year. Site Name and Location Denver Radium Site Operable Unit VIE ("the Site") is located in southwest Denver, northeast of the intersection of Evans Avenue and Santa Fe Drive. During World War I, demand for dials, watches, and aircraft instruments painted with Undark surged, and the company expanded operations considerably. Impurities may be added to the zinc sulfide as follows: Cadmium, 0.05 per cent; copper, 0.001 per cent; manganese, 0.0002 per cent.". Radium Girls : In the 1920s as now, companies choose profits over Historic American Engineering Record, Creator, Eugene J Boesch, and Michael S Raber, photographer by Weinstein, Gerald. Map of congested district. It emits a gamma ray at 186 keV. Quoting Ross Mullner "there were so many radium painters in that country that it was common to recognize them on the streets even on the darkest nights because of the glow around them: their hair sparkled almost like a halo.". ,mW(|{JQ?_-b[f83EuW~-/[n m;}~VG*dG@pOKoxb-FF6pF .O#\8l;jeZpicmRWb-X Radium City Brewing | Ottawa IL - Facebook Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints Therefore, it does not license or charge permission fees for use of such material and cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material. Strontium had three major advantages over radium: a greater variety of luminescent colors were possible with strontium than radium, the gradual decrease in luminous intensity was minimal because strontium's beta particles did less damage to the zinc sulfide crystals that radium's alpha particles, and the photon (bremsstrahlung) emissions from strontium were less of a safety concern than the gamma rays from radium. Superfund Program Proposed Plan US Radium Superfund Site - US EPA INTERIOR VIEW TO NORTHEAST - United States Radium Corporation, Radium This firm refined ore and extracted radium used to make luminous paint for dials and hands of watches and other indicators . Photo(s): 3 | Data Page(s): 98 | Photo Caption Page(s): 2, Raber, Michael S - Alfson, Mary - Weinstein, Gerald - Flagg, Thomas R - Historic American Engineering Record - Boesch, Eugene J, Photo(s): 8 | Data Page(s): 16 | Photo Caption Page(s): 3, Photo(s): 89 | Data Page(s): 53 | Photo Caption Page(s): 7, Raber, Michael S - Turner Construction Company - Weinstein, Gerald - Pittsburgh Clay Products - Kahn, Albert - Hartz Mountain Industries, Incorporated - Flagg, Thomas R - Historic American Engineering Record - Cary, Brian, Photo(s): 20 | Data Page(s): 6 | Photo Caption Page(s): 3, Van Dolsen, Nancy - Alfson, Mary - Historic American Engineering Record - Strauss Bascule Bridge Company - Stokes, Christopher, Measured Drawing(s): 1 | Data Page(s): 38, Raber, Michael S - Weinstein, Gerald - Raber, Michael S. - Stewart, Robert C - Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Company - Westinghouse Electric Company - Historic American Engineering Record. site.). Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. "[14], The victims were so contaminated that radiation can still be detected at their graves, using a Geiger counter. The latter dose not only applies to the wearer of the watch, it also applies to anyone in the same room as the wearer of the watch. Measured leakage rates from watches employing tritium containing paint were up to 83 nCi (0.083 uCi) per day in one study, and 1 to 370 pCi per minute in another (0.0014 to 0.5 uCi per day). Equally important, scientific investigation of these dial painters, and of other victims of radium poisoning, led to the establishment of health standards used to protect workers in radioactive environments and to the emergence of human radiobiology as a field of study. United States Radium Corporation, Radium Crystallization Laboratory, 428 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ. site.). To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our Radium Girls from NJ factory may get federal honors in U.S. bill United_States_Radium_Corporation - chemeurope.com At the start of the 20th century, radium made its way into everyday items, from cosmetics to medicines to toys. For the purpose of these calculations, the activity was assumed to be 100 uCi per timepiece (watch or clock). a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. <> [15][16] From 1997 through 2005, the EPA remediated the site in a process that involved the excavation and off-site disposal of radium-contaminated material at the former plant site, and at 250 residential and commercial properties that had been contaminated in the intervening decades. Photograph. 0000002617 00000 n Us Radium Corp is a superfund site located at Alden And High Sts And Other Addresses, Orange, NJ 07050.